✎ What causes people to donate (more) to charity [Innovations in Fundraising]

<h1 class="page-header">What causes people to donate (more) to charity</h1>
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<h3>Defining the question</h3>
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Define a question so it will be <em>useful</em>
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<li class="level1 node"> For 'basic science', understanding fundamentals<ul class="fix-media-list-overlap">
<li class="level3"> Genetic determinants of generosity?</li>
<li class="level3"> Social environment and peer networks</li>
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<li class="level1 node"> For practice and policy:<ul class="fix-media-list-overlap">
<li class="level3"> Tools fundraisers can use (promotions, incentives, social pressure…)</li>
<li class="level3"> Tools charities can use (choice of programs, publicity, cost structure, donor recognition, give donors actual influence)</li>
<li class="level3"> Tools government can use (tax incentives, legal regimes)</li>
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<em>Flavors of this question:</em>
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<li class="level1"> Does X cause people to donate more on average?</li>
<li class="level1"> Does X cause <em>more people</em>  to donate?</li>
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These questions are both relevant, but for <em>different</em>  purposes.
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<li class="level1"> Does treatment X cause people to donate more to the <em>specific charity</em>  that uses this treatment?</li>
<li class="level1"> Does treatment X cause people to donate more to charities <em>overall</em>?</li>
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<li class="level1"> In the short run?</li>
<li class="level1"> Over the relevant lifetime?</li>
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<h3>Compare: SPI 'open questions'</h3>
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<b>The Supply Side and Human Behavior</b>
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<li class="level1"> What are the motivations, distinguishing theories, what factors 'attenuate'</li>
<li class="level1"> How do preferences and beliefs translate into behavior</li>
<li class="level1 node"> Relationships to :<ul class="fix-media-list-overlap">
<li class="level3"> Culture? Suggest cross-cultural experiments.</li>
<li class="level3"> Life cycle</li>
<li class="level3"> Nature/nurture</li>
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SPI open questions …
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<b>The Demand Side and Solicitation Mechanisms</b>
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<li class="level1"> How should charities use 'upfront money' to attract more?</li>
<li class="level1"> Social distance of donors (and fundraisers or recipients or the charity)</li>
<li class="level1"> Tools to encourage continuing contributions vs initial ones</li>
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Why do some charities succeed but others fail, and how do solicitation mechanisms or social distance of donors play a role? What causes donors to remain committed to the cause, what are the best solicitation mechanisms to encourage continuing donations, and do these differ from mechanisms aimed to prompt initial donations?
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SPI open questions …
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<b>The Market for Charity Contributions and Public Policy Implications</b>
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<li class="level1 node"> Crowding out of government grants<ul class="fix-media-list-overlap">
<li class="level3"> they believe it exists, seek the 'mechanism': donors' or fundraisers' change behavior</li>
<li class="level3"> crowd-out of other donors/foundations</li>
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<li class="level1"> Do mechanisms like charitable lotteries crowd out other giving?</li>
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/*What is the effect of cause-related marketing on individual donations in the short and long run? Do such campaigns provide the donor moral cover to avoid future acts of charity and therefore crowd-out future philanthropic activities?*/
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<h3>Andreoni and Payne - Major approaches to researching giving:</h3>
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<li class="level1"> an individual economic decision</li>
<li class="level1"> a strategic interaction (between donors, charities, governments, foundations)</li>
<li class="level1"> a 'social exchange': (reputation, more than this?)</li>
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<li class="level1"> ' a charitable donation is rarely made in the absence of an overt request to give' [DR: this is too strong a statement; undoubtedly many people give as a habit or motivated by something they see in the news etc.]</li>
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<li class="level1"> 'empathic, moral, and cultural urges' ( Empathy, justice, leaving moral impressions on others))</li>
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